| RDF Triple and/or Quad Stores (RDF Graphs) |
Single-Model RDBMS (Graphs) |
Single-Model RDBMS (Tables) |
Multi-Model RDBMS (Tables and/or RDF Graphs) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entity Identifiers | IRIs (open standard from IETF) | Proprietary | Proprietary | IRIs (open standard from IETF) and Proprietary |
| Entity Relationship Type (Relation) Modeling | RDF Sentences/Statements (depictable as Directed Graphs) | Proprietary (depictable as Directed Graphs) | Tables | Tables or RDF Sentences/Statements (depictable as Directed Graphs) |
| Entity Relationship Type (Relation) Structure | subject→predicate→object 3-Tuples (or Triples), optionally associated with a Named Graph (Data Source Name or Internal Document/Page) to comprise 4-Tuples (or Quads) | Proprietary | N-Tuples + a Relation Header | N-Tuples + a Relation Header and/or subject→predicate→object 3-Tuples (or Triples) associated with a Named Graph (Data Source Name or Internal Document/Page) |
| Relation Representation Notation | RDF-Turtle, RDF-NTriples, RDF-XML, JSON-LD, HTML+Microdata, RDFa | Proprietary | CSV | CSV and/or RDF-Turtle, RDF-NTriples, RDF-XML, JSON-LD, HTML+Microdata, RDFa |
| Declarative Query Language for Relation Definition | RDF (open standard from W3C) (leveraging terms from a variety of shared Vocabularies and Ontologies including RDF basic Vocabulary, RDF Schema, OWL, and others), SPARQL (open standard from W3C) | Cypher, Gremlin, GraphQL, and other proprietary languages | SQL (open standard from ANSI/ISO) | SQL (open standard from ANSI/ISO) and/or RDF (open standard from W3C) (leveraging terms from a variety of shared Vocabularies and Ontologies including RDF basic Vocabulary, RDF Schema, OWL, and others), SPARQL (open standard from W3C), and R2RML (open standard from W3C) (for declaratively mapping Tabular Relations to RDF sentence/statement collections [or RDF Graphs]) |
| Declarative Query Languages for Relation Manipulation | SPARQL (open standard from W3C) | Cypher, Gremlin, GraphQL, and other proprietary languages | SQL (open standard from ANSI/ISO) | SQL (open standard from ANSI/ISO) or SPARQL (open standard from W3C) |
| Reasoning & Inference Rules Language | RIF (open standard from W3C), SWRL (W3C Member Submission), or SPARQL (open standard from W3C) (leveraging terms from SPIN or SHACL vocabularies) | Unknown | Stored Procedures (SQL/PSM open standard from ANSI/ISO) | Stored Procedures (SQL/PSM open standard from ANSI/ISO) or RIF (open standard from W3C), SWRL (W3C Member Submission), or SPARQL (open standard from W3C) (leveraging terms from SPIN or SHACL vocabularies) |
| Database Connectivity Application Programming Interface (API) | SPARQL Query Protocol (open standard from W3C) | Proprietary | ODBC and JDBC (both open standard) | ODBC, JDBC (both open standard), and/or SPARQL Query Protocol |
| Transaction Properties | Lacks ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) semantics (i.e., ACID is not part of SPARQL) | Proprietary | ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) semantics (i.e., ACID is built into SQL) | ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) semantics (i.e., ACID is built into SQL and into SQL+SPARQL fusions/hybrids such as SPASQL) |
| Security | Coarse-grained Role-based Access Controls (RBAC) | Unknown | Coarse-grained Role-based Access Controls (RBAC) | Coarse-grained Role-based Access Controls (RBAC) and Fine-grained Attribute-based Access Controls (ABAC) |
| Standardized Benchmarks | Lehigh University Benchmark (LUBM); Linked Data Benchmark Council (LDBC) Social-Networking Benchmark (SNB) and/or Semantic Publishing Benchmark (SPB); Berlin SPARQL Benchmark (BSBM); Project Hobbit Faceted-Browsing Benchmark and/or Data Storage Benchmark (DSB) | Unknown | TPC-A, TPC-C, and/or TPC-H | TPC-A, TPC-C, TPC-H; and/or Lehigh University Benchmark (LUBM); Linked Data Benchmark Council (LDBC) Social-Networking Benchmark (SNB) and/or Semantic Publishing Benchmark (SPB); Berlin SPARQL Benchmark (BSBM), Project Hobbit Faceted-Browsing Benchmark and/or Data Storage Benchmark (DSB) |
| Products | Virtuoso, GraphDB, Fuseki, Stardog, AllegroGraph, Amazon Neptune | Neo4j, OrientDB, TigerGraph, DataStax Enterprise, ArangoDB, Amazon Neptune | Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, PostgresSQL, SAP-Sybase, Informix, Ingres, Progress OpenEdge, SQLite, PrestoDB | Virtuoso, Oracle, DB2, MarkLogic |
| Vendors | OpenLink Software, Ontotext, Apache, Stardog Union, Franz, Amazon | Neo Technology, OrientDB, TigerGraph, DataStax, ArangoDB, Amazon | Microsoft, Oracle, PostgreSQL Global Development Group, SAP, HCL, Actian, Progress Software, SQLite, Facebook | OpenLink Software, Oracle, IBM, MarkLogic |